The goal of it job is to examine the effect regarding breed and you can ages towards eggs manufacturing as well as the eggs additional and you will inner high quality within the five Italian dual-goal breeds , at the start and lots of weeks later than just first weeks putting passion you to definitely took place, correspondingly, after summer/beginning of trip along with winter months, under variable environment requirements.

dos.step one. Animals and you https://www.gorgeousbrides.net/sv/heta-och-sexiga-koreanska-flickor will Rearing Standards

Four Italian chicken types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), was in fact thought to the research. You weight of adult women try 1.25 kg in PP, dos.30 kg from inside the Er and you may 3.05 kilogram in RM and RL. Their origin is the Veneto part (Italy): PP was a classic regional reproduce; its resource was dated returning to the latest XIX century, but zero exact analysis to your their hereditary resource are present. Others breeds are created when you look at the Veneto when you look at the 1950s: this new Emergency room reproduce originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and you may Rhode Isle (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, while for the RM and you will RL breeds, Brown Orpington and White The united states, a couple brown eggshell types were utilized . Plus the mature weight, these types differ within plumage the colour: it is fantastic during the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is mainly white with black extremities in lots of regions of your human body, black colored feathers away from primaries and you can tail and you may RL suggests a beneficial tawny plumage with black colored feathers out-of primaries and you may tail. All of the breeds (Figure S1) reveal unmarried brush and place tinted eggshell eggs (Figure S2).

dos. Information and methods

Birds out-of for each breed hatched at the same time (last half away from age farm of your own Center having Chicken Biodiversity Maintenance regarding the Veneto region (they regularly provides for this new rearing of those breeds also are you aware that eggs development for incubation and you may brooding), within the North Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching into pubertal ages and you may throughout the putting several months, and therefore already been on stop from summer to the start of trip (Shape step 1), depending on the breed. Eating, rearing criteria (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis methods were an equivalent to your five types, since that time regarding hatching on prevent of your learnt several months, which was into the , within 53 months old. The brand new newly hatched chicks was remaining indoors into the earliest 4 months of life, during the an environmental temperature decreasing away from thirty two to help you 24 °C, significantly less than infra-purple rays lamps, to your litter. On step 1.5 months old, the brand new wild birds got totally free use of outside rooms, from spring season so you’re able to fall and you may winter. For every single reproduce (60 hens) had totally free usage of outside (5 yards dos /bird) room (armed with linear drinkers), in which the hens stayed from day to night, also to indoor (4 hens/m dos ) place (timber shavings and you will straw litter, with perches and you may round feeders), used mainly getting putting egg (collective nests) at nights; the bedroom (interior and outside) offered to each breed was split up by netting.

At the start of putting (around twenty two weeks old with the reproduce that have earlier start of putting), from inside the September–October, with regards to the breed, this new photoperiod try absolute and you can decreasing, according to the year and geographic updates of trial channel within the North Italy (on average, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd period (out-of 38 weeks old, out of December to 53 days old), fake light is slowly increased (for the indoor space, filament-based bulb, from the sixty lux) to get a good photoperiod of 14L:10D. This new photoperiod is actually managed by a timer, and it is actually achieved by flipping on the newest light an hour just before sunrise and turning off it an hour after sundown. The newest outside ecological temperature is actually 10 ± step three.cuatro °C and you can 11 ± step 3.0 °C, respectively, on very first (right from the start away from October into avoid of November) therefore the 2nd (right from the start regarding January on end off February) putting periods, in the event that study for the give efficiency and you will eggs top quality was amassed. This new pet were given advertising libitum commercial feeds according to its physiological stage (about three varied commercial feeds in the growing period). For the very first putting stage (26–33 days old, lower than decreasing absolute photoperiod), in the event the breeds been laying, the new birds received a professional pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Myself = eleven.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you can maize (PG = nine.1%, Me personally = 13.7 MJ/kg), from the a ratio of just one:step one. It is really worth remembering you to definitely, at that age, precisely the twin-purpose and shaded eggshell breeds presented an adjustable start of installing and eggs production price, whereas the brand new hens belonging to the other varieties of this new Preservation Center to own Biodiversity and you may hatched meanwhile of the learned breeds, like the light eggshell types, didn’t begin laying (Padovana breed) otherwise it showed a highly scant installing interest (Polverara reproduce), never ever attaining the tolerance of ten% hen–date egg design. The explanation for the choice of new Conservation Middle, not to ever fool around with a rss to have installing hens while in the this era, was due to perhaps not forcing the latest pullets to help you egg development throughout the a period with coming down heat and you will photoperiod. The wild birds increased outside, not as much as favourable conditions to possess skeletal health, perambulating ground and you will not as much as solar power rays. Regarding the back yard for each reproduce, the current presence of grass accessible to the brand new wild birds was large throughout the brand new expanding months than during the start of laying, hence took place following the summer time, if rain was scarce and you may did not support a good grass regrowth. Regarding 38 so you’re able to 53 months old, and you may below increasing photoperiod, new hens was provided a professional pelleted provide to have laying (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). All nourishes comprised generally away from maize and you can soybean.